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Cornelius Castoriadis, griechisch­französischer politischer Theoretiker und Psychoanalytiker hinterließ ein umfangreiches Werk, das hierzulande erst allmählich entdeckt wird. Am Leitfaden der Kategorie des Imaginären hat er die Umrisse einer originellen kritischen Sozial­ und Subjekttheorie entworfen, die das kreative Element des Sozialen wie des Subjekts in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes umkreisen und diskutieren verschiedene Aspekte seines Entwurfs und verorten ihn im sozialtheoretischen Kontext. Cornelius Castoriadis (1922-1997) griechischstämmiger französischer politischer Theoretiker, Aktivist, Ökonom, Philosoph und Psychoanalytiker. Ausgebildet als Jurist, Widerstandskämpfer im griechischen Bürgerkrieg. Castoriadis arbeitete u.a. als Wirtschaftsfachmann für die OECD. Als zentrales Werk gilt: Gesellschaft als imaginäre Institution. Entwurf einer politischen Philosophie (dt. 1984). Der Herausgeber Harald Wolf, geb. 1959, Soziologe, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Soziologischen Forschungsinstitut (SOFI) an der Universität Göttingen und Privatdozent an der Universität Kassel. Veröffentlichungen zur Arbeitssoziologie und Gesellschaftstheorie, u.a.: Arbeit und Autonomie (1999). Herausgeber (zusammen mit Michael Halfbrodt) der Ausgewählten Schriften von Cornelius Castoriadis.

Knowledge of factors that determine the transition from nascent entrepreneurship into real entrepreneurship is of major importance for policies aiming to effectively stimulate start-ups. Whereas scholars concentrated on person-specific factors to explain transition probabilities, environmental characteristics have been fairly neglected. Given that entrepreneurship is a strongly localized phenomenon, this paper argues that regional entrepreneurial opportunities are a driving force behind the transition from nascent entrepreneurship to new venture creation. Based on unique data on 103 nascent entrepreneurs in the German biotechnology industry, we empirically assess the importance of regional entrepreneurial opportunities on transition probabilities. Further, we introduce a new approach to measure nascent entrepreneurship by capturing individuals that actively participate in start-up competitions and have won at least one competition. Controlling for technology and individual characteristics, we find strong support for our hypotheses relating to the significant impact of general regional opportunities, specific regional opportunities and the entrepreneurial environment for the probability of transition from award-winning nascent entrepreneurs to real start-ups. -- Nascent entrepreneurship ; entrepreneurial opportunities ; start-ups ; regional environment ; biotechnology ; R&D

Arbeitsteilung ist ein zentrales Thema der Arbeitssoziologie, und damit verbunden das der Kooperation. Beide Themen gewinnen durch die Fragmentierung von Arbeit eine neue Aktualität und damit werden grundsätzliche theoretische und methodische Fragen aufgeworfen. Dieser Schluss ergibt sich aus den Erfahrungen mit der vor allem sekundäranalytisch angelegten Untersuchung "Fragmentierte Arbeit in der Automobilindustrie", die nach Entwicklungslinien fragmentierter Arbeit fragt. Primärmaterialien aus mehreren SOFI-Studien erlauben nicht nur die Rekonstruktion eines "nicht-fragmentierten" fordistischen "Nullpunkts" des Produktionssystems, sondern sie zeigen zugleich, wie eng der Fokus der damaligen "Arbeitsplatzsoziologie" (Hack) dieser fordistischen Logik folgt. Diese fordistisch-arbeitsplatzsoziologische Perspektive wurde bis heute nicht völlig überwunden und deshalb wird die Arbeitsanalyse der zunehmenden Fragmentierung noch nicht wirklich gerecht. Die sekundäranalytische Suche nach der fragmentierten Arbeit legt theoretische und methodische Schwachstellen offen und inspiriert zugleich zu einer Neuakzentuierung arbeitssoziologischer Analysekategorien (speziell der Kategorie der Kooperation) und Methodik.

The article demonstrates the topicality of Cornelius Castoridis' work in pointing to some of its aspects which can be connected to current discussions about the role and the functions of social critique and which also show several weaknesses of this discussions. After a sketch of the development of Castoriadis' thought, three connection points to these discussions are elucidated: the question of the conditions of the possibility and of the possibilities of a justification of critique; the concept of capitalism as a project of organization, rationalization and control, instead of a market society; and the distinctive interest in resistance and practical critique in everyday life which are interpreted as germs of a non-capitalist autonomous social institution.

Der Beitrag stellt Überlegungen zum Thema kapitalistische Arbeitsorganisation und Selbsttätigkeit an. Arbeiten unter dem Kapitalismus ist nie auf restlos angepasstes, fremdbestimmtes und fremdgesteuertes Verhalten reduzierbar und in diesem Sinne "reell" unter das Kapital zu subsumieren. Wäre es das, könnten kapitalistische Arbeitsorganisationen keine Sekunde lang existieren. Für ihr Funktionieren wie ihre Evolution bleibt unerlässlich, was ihren Bestand gefährden könnte: die Selbsttätigkeit der Arbeitenden. Die entscheidende Frage ist damit, wie notwendige Selbsttätigkeit von den Beteiligten gedeutet, gewendet, genutzt wird. Wie groß ist ihr Potenzial an Widerständigkeit, welche politischen Implikationen und Perspektiven ergeben sich daraus? Führt ein Weg von der Selbsttätigkeit zur Autonomie? Abschließend zieht der Beitrag Schlussfolgerungen aus den Überlegungen für ein angemessenes Verständnis kapitalistischer Vergesellschaftung und ihrer Grenzen. (ICB2)

The article demonstrates the topicality of Cornelius Castoridis' work in pointing to some of its aspects which can be connected to current discussions about the role and the functions of social critique and which also show several weaknesses of these discussions. After a sketch of the development of Castoriadis' thought, three connection points to these discussions are elucidated: the question of the conditions of the possibility and of the possibilities of a justification of critique; the concept of capitalism as a project of organization, rationalization and control, instead of a market society; and the distinctive interest in resistance and practical critique in everyday life which are interpreted as germs of a non-capitalist autonomous social institution. Adapted from the source document.

Mit Blick auf eine Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Krisenphänomene treten an unterschiedlichen Orten "Legitimationsprobleme" auf. Die Frage, der die Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie verstärkt nachgehen sollte, wäre vor diesem Hintergrund, ob sich Legitimationsprobleme und -verluste auch in der Erwerbsarbeitssphäre feststellen lassen und ob die Arbeitenden auch dort "mehr Gerechtigkeit" und "gerechtere" Entscheidungsstrukturen einfordern. Das liefe auf eine erneute Intensivierung der Beschäftigung mit dem "Bewusstseinsthema" hinaus, allerdings mit neu ausgerichtetem Fokus: auf Gerechtigkeitsansprüche und Kritik an und in Erwerbsarbeit. Wie eine solche Forderung konzeptionell und methodisch eingelöst werden könnte, erprobt zurzeit ein SOFI/ISF-Forschungsprojekt, dessen Stoßrichtung skizziert wird.

Der Beitrag stellt - im Anschluss an Cornelius Castoriadis - die immanente Widersprüchlichkeit, die"duale Organisation der kapitalistischen Arbeit" heraus. Diese besteht darin, dass die kapitalistische Arbeit auf die "radikale Einbildungskraft der Psyche" der beteiligten Subjekte deswegen nicht verzichten kann, weil es darum geht, Initiativen für einen Prozess zu mobilisieren, der aus sich selbst heraus kaum Engagement bewirken kann. Damit ergibt sich so etwas wie ein "ewiges Dilemma" der Öffnung und der Schließung kapitalistischer Organisationsprozesse mit Blick auf die Motive und die Kreativität der lohnabhängig Beschäftigten. Der Arbeitsprozess erfordert daher mit Boltanski und Chiapello (Der neue Geist des Kapitalismus) eine normativ-moralische "Unterfütterung" der kapitalistischen Arbeitsverhältnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dann auf Korrekturen und Weiterungen eingegangen, die angezeigt sind, wenn das Verständnis der kapitalistischen Entwicklungsdynamik - und gerade ihrer neuesten neoliberalen Ausprägungen und Folgen - weiter geschärft werden soll. (ICA2)

Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The emergence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has launched a global debate (digital or technological revolution) about a paradigm shift from an industrialised towards an Information Society. In the front of this debate lies the assertion that the application of ICT is the impelling factor of transformation which will result in far reaching changes within all parts of the economy, the society and the State. The State plays therefore an important role for this transformation. First, the creation of a 'New Economy' which stands for a branch of industry that develops and produces hardware, software and communication equipment and its penetration and application into the whole economy. The emergence of e-buzzwords such as e-commerce or e-business are related to the application of ICT within the economy. Second, after a laissez-faire policy implementation through the State, it has to care for social aspects such as to connect the society to the internet and create a digital literate society. This 'second stage' of the Information Society has its expression in the common used catchword 'digital divide'. Finally, the State itself comes under pressure to apply ICT within government institutions, expressed by the latest catchwords of e-government and e-governance. Their hype (chiefly technologically determined) can be equated with the emergence of the 'New Economy' within the global debate about the Information Society. Emerged from developed countries, e-government and e-governance experience an increasing use in developing countries. Their advocates (i. e. international development organisations) stress the catchwords for the purpose of poverty alleviation, improved living standards and economic growth, in developed and particularly in developing countries. Furthermore, both subjects of the thesis have started up a new tractive force within the debate of public administration reforms. Both can be summarised as ICT-led public administration reform. They are deemed to be an 'impelling factor of organisational change and transformation' of governmental institutions. Moreover, the literature concerning both catchwords, is full of positive expectations (i.e. enhance participation, accountability, transparency and overall democracy) and thus, they are seen as a medium to implement and support their theoretical concepts New Public Management (NPM) and Good Governance. Fairly few observations in developed countries stressed the significance of internal structures within governmental institutions which can influence the introduction of ICT in general and the developing countries. However, they are unrecognised within the debate of e-government and e-governance. Furthermore, the debate of these catchwords contains a lack of concern about and notice of a possible influence of internal structures of public administrations on the implementation of e-government and e-governance regarding developed and especially developing countries. Under this review and in bringing back the e-government/e-governance debate into reality, the central question of this thesis is: which preconditions have to be considered before the implementation of both catchwords in non-Weberian bureaucracies in developing countries? In answering this question, the case of Indonesia is taken as a basis because it is planning to implement an extensive e-government project since the end of 2001. The thesis will reveal that an ICT-led public administration reform through e-government or e-governance will certainly fail, as long as the developed preconditions in the constructed test model are unrecognised. E-government and/or e-governance will reinforce and strengthen existing internal structures within public administrations instead of transform them towards the normative concepts. In approaching the central question, the thesis is compiled as follows: First, chapter one discusses the catchwords' theoretical background under consideration of ICT and their general critiques. Then, the catchwords themselves are defined in the scope of the Information Society and their present critiques. Both sections expose the necessary preconditions for the implementation of e-government and e-governance. The preconditions are: The networking effects (totality of integration), the analysis of internal structures of public administrations (micro-level) and the analysis of related actors' interests (macro-level). From this point of view, chapter two constructs a test model where these more broad preconditions are substantiated and operationalised through the application of several theories. Chapter three applies the test model to the case of Indonesia. On the macro-level the theory of bureaucratic developmental State by Elsenhans is applied with an emphasis on the ICT sector. This section reveals that on the supply side within the ICT sector there are existing tendencies where indigenous and non-indigenous conglomerates regain there position on the economy, namely on the emerging ICT sector and their influence on IBRA (Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency). Furthermore on the telecommunication sector there exists a duopoly of State-owned companies. Both findings are related to a segmentation of the State Class which favours more indigenous conglomerates instead of non-indigenous as in the pre-Soeharto area. The demand side of ICT is summarised through the analysis of the stage of networking effects. It includes quantitative indicators from 1997 to 2001 and policy indicators. It emphasises that at the present stage of networking the internet is biased towards an educated high-income group within the Indonesian society. The speed of developing a 'connected society' is reduced by weaknesses in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. On the micro-level the duality of structure by Giddens and applied by Killian/Wind (1997) is used. This analysis concludes that the mesh of formal and informal structures and the old vision of political thinking lead to a concentration of power, authority and control over resources in the hands of top officials who are part of the State Class. With the emergence of ICT a new powerful group within the public administration can evolve which will challenge existing power and authority holders. Thus, in stabilising and guaranteeing their traditional economic and informational resources, the patrons (top officials) have to co-opt the ICT unit (new powerful group) to obtain control over the access, transfer and selection of information. The thesis finishes with a conclusion that emphasises important questions which should borne in mind before implementing e-government and/or e-governance. Table of Contents: Table of Contents AcknowledgementsI Table of ContentsII List of FiguresV List of TablesVI IntroductionVII 1.E-Government and e-Governance Against the Background of Their Theoretical Classification1 A.Theoretical Classification: New Public Management and Governance2 I.New Public Management2 a)Reasons for the Adoption of New Public Management2 b)Objectives of NPM3 c)Raise the Issue of Internal Structures in Developing Countries5 d)ICT as Driving Power for Civil Service Reforms in Developing Countries?8 II.The Concept of Governance10 a)The Basics10 b)The Emergence of Networking within the Concept through ICT12 1.Characteristics of Networking12 2.Tendencies so Far13 3.Critical Issues14 B.Definitions in the Scope of the Information Society16 I.Framework of the Information Society17 a)Technological and Economic Dimensions18 b)Policy Dimension20 II.E-Government22 a)Definition and Orientation in the Scope of e-Buzzwords22 b)Reasons for the Adoption of e-Government Concepts25 c)Objectives of e-Government26 d)Barriers or Challenges: Do Structures Matter?27 III.E-Governance29 a)Definition of e-Governance29 b)Reasons for the Adoption of e-Governance Concepts31 c)Objectives of e-Governance31 d)Barriers or Challenges: Do Structures Matter?33 C.Further Development? A Provisional Result34 2.Preconditions of e-Government/e-Governance for Their Implementation: Constructing a Test Model38 A.The Macro-level: The Bureaucratic Developmental State38 B.The Micro-level: Theory of Structuring40 C.Networking Effects: Summary of Quantitative Indicators and the Policy Environment42 3.Testing the Model: The Case of Indonesia46 A.Why Indonesia?46 B.Polit- and Socio-Economic Conditions in Post Soeharto Era and Networking Effects48 I.Reinforcing Economy: Government-Business Networks and ICT48 a)The Government-Business Networks in Indonesia49 b)The Destruction of Conglomerates by IBRA52 c)The ICT Sector and Telecommunication Market: Conglomerate's Impetus and State-owned Duopoly56 II.Unconnected Society: Multiplicity of Divide59 a)The Development of the Telecommunication Infrastructure59 b)Evaluating Networking Effects63 C.The Public Administration in Indonesia69 I.Civil Service Reform in Post-Soeharto Era70 a)Decentralisation Reform70 b)ICT-led NPM Reform71 II.The Ascendancy of Duality of Structures Within ICT-led Reforms73 a)Following Old Visions: Political Thinking in the Public Administration74 b)Backing the System: Formal Structures76 c)Human Factor: Informal Structures80 D.Summarising the Test Results84 Conclusion86 AppendixVI BibliographyIX Eidesstattliche ErklärungXXIII